Play is connected with expression

Expression is connected with agency

Agency is meaningful when decisions matter

A challenge will be defined as

• Clear task
• Valued outcomes
• Preceded and followed by relative security

A game is usually one or a sequence of challenges - challenge units

A challenge unit can range from a single jump, to a whole level - but it is often best to be as specific as possible in order to visualise and control the challenge units better.

Challenges are driven by conflicts.

Types of conflict according to Fullerton (2008):

• Dilemmas - make the goal unclear
  • Dilemmas can be within obstacles and opponents
• Obstacles - passively obstruct the goal
  • What may seem like an opponent (like a 2D Goomba) is more like an obstacle as it is easily predictable (walks forward until it hits a wall and turns)
• Opponents - actively obstruct the goal
  • Could simply be called others, as even allies could obstruct the player
  • Has intelligence, unpredictability, or its own goals
  • This will depend on the players understanding of that conflict, as once an opponent is fully understood, it becomes an obstacle

Challenges are enacted through rules…